D.EL.ED. CC-04 Study Notes for Exam
Marks 7
Purpose of Teaching Science and Building Enjoyable Learning
Environments
Basic
Objectives of Teaching Science:
1.
Gaining knowledge and increasing
comprehension
o To create a
deep understanding of subject-based knowledge among the students.
o Example: Learning (observation of actual leaf cells) using actual samples in
science class.
2.
Development of Intellectual Skills
o To increase the capacity of analysis, synthesis and
evaluation.
o Strategy: Practicing critical thinking through debate competitions.
3.
Practical application capabilities
o Connecting
theoretical knowledge to real life.
o Activities:
Learning
environmental science by planting trees in the school garden.
4.
Development of creativity and innovation
o Encourage
the creation of new ideas and solutions.
o Methodology:
Open-ended art projects.
5.
Nurturing social and moral values
o Teaching
values through teamwork and moral conflicts.
o Activities:
Participation in
social service projects.
Strategies for creating a hassle-free and enjoyable
learning environment
1. Optimization
of the physical environment
·
Dynamic Classroom Design:
Creating flexible
learning spaces using mobile furniture and learning stations.
Examples: Reading Corner, Science Lab Station, Art Zone.
·
Attachment of natural elements: the use of
natural light, plants and natural materials.
Gains: Increased attention and reduced stress.
2. Multisensory
learning experience
·
Multimodal teaching: Learning with a
combination of
sight, sound, touch and motion.
Strategy:
o Scene: Infographics
o Words: Instructive
Songs
o Touch: Manipulatives
(eg: math blocks)
o Speed: Role
Play
3. Positive
Behavior Management
·
Positive Reinforcement System:
Strategy:
o Sticker
Chart
o Virtual
Points System
o Public
Prize Board
·
Seeing Mistakes as Learning Opportunities:
Application of "Mistakes or
Learning Steps" Philosophy.
4. Play-Based
Learning
·
Gamification Techniques:
Examples:
o Educational
Board Games for Mathematics
o Word Hunt
for Language Learning
o Time
Machine Role Play for History
5. Smart
use of technology
·
Edutainment Tools:
Recommended Apps:
o Scratch (programming)
o Duolingo (Language Learning)
o Google Expeditions (Virtual Field Trip)
·
Interactive Display:
Interactive quizzes
and games on smart boards.
Effective Application of Peer Learning
5-Step Model for Group Learning:
1.
Team building
o Groups of
4-5 people in thematic or mixed skills
Example: Heterogeneous group for a science project
2.
Role Distribution
o Researcher, Reporter, Time Keeper, Moderator
: Developing a Sense of Responsibility
3.
Collaborative Task Design
o Jigsaw
method:
Example:
Everyone researches and shares a subtopic on "environmental pollution"
4.
Peer Teaching Sessions
o Students
teach each other
the technique: the
" teach-back" method (the one who learns
will teach others)
5.
Integrated Assessment
o Group
presentation + self-assessment
rubric: subjectiveness, teamwork, communication skills
Concept analysis at the elementary level: "biodiversity"
Analytics
in Supportive Learning Perspectives:
1.
Concrete Experience
o Nature Tour
& Observation of Different Species of Plants/Insects in School Premises
2.
Representational learning
o Observation
Diary: Drawing Pictures + Writing Descriptions
o Making Leaf
Collage
3.
Collaborative activities
o "Our School Garden" Mapping Project:
Everyone researches
a species and adds to the group map
4.
Technology Attachment
o Nature
Sound Recordings (Bird Calls)
o Species identification using the iNaturalist
app
5.
Evaluation Methodology
o Exhibition:
Organizing "Biodiversity Fair"
o Portfolio: Collected
samples + photo journals
Learning level:
Concrete → symbolic → abstract
(feelings → images → definition → analysis)
In this method, the concept is deeply assimilated through
multidimensional experience.
Features
and Objectives of Pedagogy in Curriculum
Six key
characteristics of pedagogy:
1.
Dependence on the scientific method
o Organizing
the learning process into a research-based framework.
o Example: Comparison of two teaching methods by A/B testing in
the classroom.
2.
Student-centered approach
o Prioritize
the student's learning style, speed and interest.
o Method: Differentiated instruction (different work for different
levels).
3.
Multidimensional Evaluation
o Testing not
only knowledge, but also skills and attitudes.
o Strategy: rubric, portfolio, project-based evaluation.
4.
Inclusive Method
o Suitable
strategy for all types of students (general and special needs).
o Example: Universal Design for Learning (UDL).
5.
Technology Attachment
o Making
learning relevant through digital tools.
o Application:
Virtual Lab, Gamification.
6.
Uninterrupted development
o Curriculum reform based on reflection and feedback.
The 5 primary objectives of pedagogy:
1.
Effective knowledge transfer
o Making
content understandable and applicable.
2.
Development of thinking skills
o Critical
thinking, problem-solving and creativity.
3.
Learning social-emotional
o Collaboration, empathy and leadership building.
4.
The foundation of lifelong learning
o Acquiring self-directed
learning skills.
5.
Contributing to Social Change
o Justice, equality and conscious citizen formation.
Concept of ICT and its
importance in education
Definition of ICT (Information and Communication
Technology):
Technology for exchanging, processing and managing information through digital
tools, networks and software.
6 Importance of ICT in
Education:
|
Field |
Effect |
Example |
|
1. Access to knowledge |
Access to learning resources from anywhere |
Khan Academy,
SWAYAM |
|
2. Interactive Learning |
Understanding complex concepts through multimedia
content |
PhET simulation
(science) |
|
3. Personalization |
AI-Based
Adaptive Learning System |
DreamBox (গণিত) |
|
4. Collaboration |
Creating a global classroom (Google Classroom, Zoom) |
Virtual Study Group |
|
5. Rate |
Real-time feedback and automated assessment |
Kahoot! কুইজ |
|
6. Special Needs |
Assistive Technology (Screen Reader, Speech to Text) |
App for Dyslexic
Students |
Important statistics:
According to UNESCO, ICT-integrated education increases student learning outcomes by 20-30%.
Intellectual Attitude Theory in Problem-Solving Learning
Analysis in
the light of Jean Piaget's intellectual development theory:
1.
Step 1: Problem Detection (Sensorimotor
level, 0-2 years)
o Understanding
problems through perceptual experience in the early stages.
o Teaching
techniques: Hands-on
exploration (e.g. balance problems with blocks).
2.
Phase 2: Information organization
(pre-operational level, 2-7 years)
o Structuring
problems through symbolic thinking.
o Strategy: Presenting problems with storytelling (mathematical
problems hidden in the story).
3.
Stage 3: Hypothesis formation (concrete
operational, 7-11 years)
o Logically
anticipating possible solutions.
o Activities:
"if-then" tests
(e.g. the effect of light on plant growth).
4.
Step 4: Solution Test (Formal Operational, 11+ years)
o Abstract
thinking and application of the scientific method.
o Methodology:
Science Fair
Project (Independent Research).
Vygotsky's
Social Constructivism and Problem Solving:
·
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD):
Troubleshooting
with the help of classmates or teachers.
Example: Scaffolding technique – lowering the step-by-step
instructions.
·
Social interaction:
Gaining a
multidimensional perspective through group discussion.
Activities: Debate or brainstorming sessions.
5 Steps to Problem-Based Learning (PBL):
1.
Creating the Background
o Presenting
real-life problems (e.g. preventing water waste at school).
2.
Data Collection
o Surveys, interviews or internet research.
3.
Propose solutions
o Use of mind
mapping or flow charts.
4.
Prototype creation
o Model or
pilot project (e.g. water audit model).
5.
Evaluation and Reform
o Peer review
and iterative testing.
Research findings: In
the PBL system, students
have 40% higher retention (John
Hattie, 2017).
Requirements for Incorporating
the Teaching-Learning Process Throughout the Curriculum in Early Education:
1.
Developmental
Utility
o Develop teaching methods according to the age and mental level of the
child (e.g. play-based learning).
o Example: Teaching numbers with blocks in
pre-primary.
2.
Learn
multisensory
o A combination of sight, hearing, and touch-based activities.
o Example: Using touchable letters to learn the alphabet.
3.
Active
participation
o Learning through hands-on experience (e.g. project-based work).
o Example: Nature education by picking flowers from the garden.
4.
Recognition of
Personal Differences
o Consider each child's learning pace and style.
o Example: Short activities for ADHD
children.
5.
Social-sensitive
development
o Teamwork and emotion management training.
o Example: Teaching empathy through stories.
Values and Development Methods Included in the Curriculum:
|
Values |
Methods of development |
Example |
|
1. Honesty |
Moral Stories & Role-Plays |
"The Fruit of Truthfulness" Story Discussion |
|
2. Tolerance |
Celebrating Festivals of
Different Cultures |
Prayer of all religions in
school |
|
3. Sense of Responsibility |
Allocation of classroom
responsibilities (e.g. tree care) |
Daily Duty List |
|
4. Compassion |
Social Service Projects |
Handicapped School Visits |
|
5. Environmental awareness |
Recycling Project |
Making vases from plastic
bottles |
Use of Special Educational Needs (SEN) and ICT:
SEN's definition:Students
with
physical, mental, or sensory
disabilities with unique learning needs (e.g. autism, dyslexia).
Application of ICT:
1.
Assistive
Technology:
o
Screen reader (visually
impaired), speech-to-text software (difficulty
in writing).
2.
Interactive Apps:
o
Communication
App for Autistic Children (Proloquo2Go).
3.
Multisensory
Tools:
o
Virtual Lab (hands-on
experience in science learning).
4.
Personalized
Learning:
o
AI-based learning platform (e.g. DreamBox for Math).
Examples:
·
Dyslexic
students can read books using text-to-speech apps.
·
Visual alert
system for the hearing impaired.
ICT creates personalized, inclusive learning
opportunities for SEN students .
Mark 16
Method
of creating news bulletins
Step 1: Selection
and News Gathering
·
Content Rating:
o Current and
relevant issues (e.g. climate change, education policy).
o Example:
"Impact of Plastic
Pollution in Bangladesh".
·
Formula selection:
o National
daily (Prothom Alo, Ittefaq).
o International
Geographic, The Economist.
o Online news
portal (BBC Bangla, Deutsche Welle).
·
News Gathering:
o Download or
clipping 3-5 articles/reports from each source.
o Example: Prothom Alo 's "River Pollution by Plastic Waste"
report (June 15, 2024).
Step 2: Data
Sorting and Classification
·
Main information marking:
o WH (Who,
What, When, Where, Why, How)।
o For example,
who is polluting? What is the effect? What's the solution?
·
Thematic Category:
1.
Description of the problem
2.
Impact (environment, health)
3.
Public/Private Initiatives
4.
The Role of Citizens
Step 3: Bulletin
Design
·
Format setting:
o Title:
Catchy and concise
(e.g. "Plastic Tsunami: When Rivers Are a Death Trap").
o Subheading:
Separate heading
for each section.
o Visuals:
relevant images, infographics.
·
Content layout:
Step 4: Editing
and Publishing
·
Language and spelling check:
o Use plain
and fluent language.
·
Digital Tools:
o Design using Canva or Microsoft Publisher.
·
Print/Digital Distribution:
o Upload to
school magazine or website.
Examples:
Bulletin title:
"Plastic Epidemic: The
Cry of the River"
Section 1: Plastic Layers in Rivers (Deutsche Welle, 2024).
Section 2: Microplastics in fish (National Consumer Rights
Organization's research).
Types and
Solutions to Learning Disability (600 words)
1. Dyslexia
(reading disability)
·
Features:
o Inverting
letters or words (e.g. "reading" → "dora").
o Slow
reading.
·
Teacher's Role:
o Multisensory
method (learning by touching the shape of letters).
o Use of
audio books and Phoenix app.
2. Dysgraphia
(writing disability)
·
Features:
o Spelling
mistakes, handwriting unclear.
·
Solution:
o Speech-to-Text সফটওয়্যার (Google Docs Voice Typing)।
o The
practice of writing in large letters on graph paper.
3. Dyscalculia
(mathematical disability)
·
Features:
o Difficulty
understanding numbers, calculations are wrong.
·
Strategy:
o Concrete
manipulatives (abacus, counter).
o Prodigy Math Game.
4. ADHD
(attention
deficit)
·
Features:
o Restlessness, finishing the job halfway.
·
Teaching Method:
o Task
division (small task).
o Physical
break (5 minutes of stretching)
5. Autism
Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
·
Features:
o Problems
with social interaction, routine choices.
·
Adaptation:
o Visual
schedule (daily routine through images).
o Social
Stories (teaching behavior through storytelling).
Integrated
Strategy for Teacher
1.
Universal Design for Learning
o Presenting
the same text in different ways (video, text, audio).
2.
Individualized
Education Plan:
o Customized
goal setting for each student.
3.
Assistive Technology:
o Tablet apps
(e.g. Ghotit Dyslexia Keyboard).
4.
Colleague Support:
o Buddy
System (Classmate Help).
According
to UNESCO, inclusive
education reduces learning disabilities by 75%.
By applying these
methods, it is possible to meet the individual needs of the students.
Causes
of Learning Disability and Teaching Strategies
The main
causes of learning disabilities:
1.
Biological causes:
o Structural
abnormalities of the brain (e.g. disturbances in the function of the left
temporal lobe in dyslexia).
o Gestational
infection/injury or complications during childbirth.
2.
Genetic effects:
o Family
history (if the parent has a learning disability, there is a 30-50% chance of the child).
3.
Environmental factors:
o Neglect or
lack of stimulation in early child-rearing.
o Exposure to
toxic chemicals (lead, mercury).
4.
Stress:
o Chronic
anxiety or trauma (e.g. domestic violence).
5.
Teaching Methodological Errors:
o Implementing
a one-size-fits-all approach ignoring
the student's learning style.
Effective Teaching Strategies:
|
Types of disability |
Teaching Method |
Example |
|
Dyslexia |
- Phoenix
method (acoustic reading) |
"Bangla
Language" App |
|
Dysgraphia |
- Verbal
Dictation |
Google Docs
Voice Typing |
|
Dyscalculia |
- Use
of Concrete Objects (Marble,
Abacus) |
"Numberblocks"
cartoon |
|
ADHD |
- Task
breakdown (divided into smaller parts) |
20 Minute Interval Learning |
|
Autism |
- Visual
Schedule – |
"Brushing
in the morning → going to school" photo series |
General Guidelines:
·
Multisensory approach: Look, listen, touch (e.g. writing letters with sand).
·
Positive reinforcement: To be inspired by stickers or praise.
·
Coworking Support: Introducing the Buddy System.
Integrated Story: "Friends of the River" (EVS + Language + Math + Art)
Story
Summary:
Background: Little Riya and her friend Tuktuk bird live beside the
Buriganga River. One day they saw a floating layer of plastic in the river.
EVS Connection:
·
Causes and effects of river pollution.
·
Activities:
Create a "Save Our River" poster at the end of the story.
Language Skills:
·
New vocabulary (pollution, recycling).
·
Activities: Rewriting a part of the story (e.g. "If I were Rhea...").
Math Attachments:
·
Counting plastic bottles floating in the
river.
·
Activities: Graph making (paper/plastic ratio).
Arts Consolidation:
·
River models are made with recycled
materials.
·
Activities: Making vases from plastic bottles.
Learning
in the Storytelling Method:
Step 1:
Pre-Story Activities
·
Q&A:
"Why are rivers
important?" – Mind Mapping.
·
Visual Aid: Discussion by showing pictures of river pollution.
Step 2: Storytelling
·
Interactive Lessons:
o The teacher
will tell the story, stop at the specified place.
o Students
will guess: "What's next?"
·
Role Play: Students will play the role of Riya or Tuktuk.
Step 3:
Post-Story Activity
1.
Language: Write or record the ending of the story (audio story).
2.
Mathematics: Keep track of waste found in the river (tile marks).
3.
EVS: Inspection of local water bodies and preparation of
reports.
4.
Art: Draw a scene in the story (use of watercolor).
Evaluation:
·
Understanding the main message of the story
(verbal questions).
·
Practical application through creative
project (poster/model).
In this way,
students will acquire multi-dimensional skills, as well as develop environmental awareness.